Chapter 9.9 - Individual Access to Health Insurance

California Insurance Code — §§ 10965-10965.18

Sections (11)

Amended by Stats. 2021, Ch. 468, Sec. 4. (AB 570) Effective January 1, 2022.

For purposes of this chapter, the following definitions shall apply:

(a)“Child” means a child described in Section 22775 of the Government Code and subdivisions (n) to (p), inclusive, of Section 599.500 of Title 2 of the California Code of Regulations.
(b)“Dependent” means the spouse or registered domestic partner, child, or parent or stepparent pursuant to Section 10278.1, of an individual, subject to applicable terms of the health benefit plan.
(c)“Exchange” means the California Health Benefit Exchange created by Section 100500 of the Government Code.
(d)“Family” means the policyholder and dependent or dependents.
(e)“Grandfathered health plan” has the same meaning as defined in Section 1251 of PPACA.
(f)“Health benefit plan” means an individual or group policy of health insurance, as defined in Section 106. The term does not include a health insurance policy that provides excepted benefits, as described in Sections 2722 and 2791 of the federal Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. Sec. 300gg-21; 42 U.S.C. Sec. 300gg-91), subject to Section 10965.01 a health insurance policy provided in the Medi-Cal program (Chapter 7 (commencing with Section 14000) of Part 3 of Division 9 of the Welfare and Institutions Code), the Healthy Families Program (Part 6.2 (commencing

with Section 12693) of Division 2), the Access for Infants and Mothers Program (Part 6.3 (commencing with Section 12695) of Division 2), or the program under Part 6.4 (commencing with Section 12699.50) of Division 2, or Medicare supplement coverage, to the extent consistent with PPACA or a specified disease or hospital indemnity policy, subject to Section 10965.01.

(g)“Policy year” means the period from January 1 to December 31, inclusive.
(h)“PPACA” means the federal Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (Public Law 111-148), as amended by the federal Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 (Public Law 111-152), and any rules, regulations, or guidance issued pursuant to that law.
(i)“Preexisting condition provision” means a policy provision that excludes coverage for charges or expenses incurred during a specified period following the insured’s effective date of coverage, as to a condition for which medical advice, diagnosis, care, or treatment was recommended or received during a specified period immediately preceding the effective date of coverage.
(j)“Rating period” means the calendar year for which premium rates are in effect pursuant to subdivision (d) of Section 10965.9.
(k)“Registered domestic partner” means a person who has established a domestic partnership as described in Section 297 of the Family Code.

Added by Stats. 2013, 1st Ex. Sess., Ch. 1, Sec. 19. (AB 2 1x) Effective September 30, 2013.

(a)For purposes of this chapter, “health benefit plan” does not include policies or certificates of specified disease or hospital confinement indemnity provided that the carrier offering those policies or certificates complies with the following:
(1)The carrier files, on or before March 1 of each year, a certification with the commissioner that contains the statement and information described in paragraph (2).
(2)The certification required in paragraph (1) shall contain the following:
(A)A statement from the carrier certifying that policies or certificates described

in this section (i) are being offered and marketed as supplemental health insurance and not as a substitute for coverage that provides essential health benefits as defined by the state pursuant to Section 1302 of PPACA, and (ii) the disclosure forms as described in Section 10603 contains the following statement prominently on the first page:

“This is a supplement to health insurance. It is not a substitute for essential health benefits or minimum essential coverage as defined in federal law.”

(B)A summary description of each policy or certificate described in this section, including the average annual premium rates, or range of premium rates in cases where premiums vary by age, gender, or other factors, charged for the policies and certificates issued or delivered in this state.
(3)In the case of a policy or certificate that is described in this section and that is offered in this state on or after January 1, 2014, the carrier files with the commissioner the information and statement required in paragraph (2) at least 30 days prior to the date such a policy or certificate is issued or delivered in this state.
(4)The carrier issuing a policy or certificate of specified disease or a policy or certificate of hospital confinement indemnity requires that the person to be insured is covered by an individual or group policy or contract that arranges or provides medical, hospital, and surgical coverage not designed to supplement other private or governmental plans.
(b)As used in this section, “policies or certificates of specified disease” and “policies or certificates of hospital confinement

indemnity” mean policies or certificates of insurance sold to an insured to supplement other health insurance coverage as specified in this section.

Added by Stats. 2018, Ch. 700, Sec. 11. (SB 1375) Effective January 1, 2019.

For the purposes of determining eligibility for small employer coverage, a sole proprietor and the sole proprietor’s spouse are not considered employees with respect to a sole proprietorship that consists only of the sole proprietor and the sole proprietor’s spouse. A partner and a partner’s spouse are not employees of a partnership that consists solely of partners and their spouses. Employer group health benefit plans shall not be issued, marketed, or sold to a sole proprietorship or partnership without employees directly or indirectly through any arrangement. Only individual health benefit plans shall be sold to any entity without employees.

Amended by Stats. 2025, Ch. 272, Sec. 1. (AB 594) Effective January 1, 2026.

(a)It is the intent of the Legislature to encourage self-funded student health coverage offered by the University of California Student Health Insurance Plan and the University of California Voluntary Dependent Plan to maintain or exceed coverage standards of the federal Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. All other student health coverage offered by an institution of higher education in California shall comply with the provisions of the act that added this subdivision.
(b)For policy years beginning on or after January 1, 2024, a blanket disability insurance policy that meets the definition of student health insurance coverage as set forth in this section shall be considered

individual health insurance coverage for purposes of subdivision (b) of Section 106.

(c)“Student health insurance coverage” is a blanket disability policy under paragraph (2) of subdivision (a) of Section 10270.2, that covers hospital, medical, or surgical benefits, that is provided pursuant to a written agreement between an institution of higher education, as defined in the federal Higher Education Act of 1965, and a disability insurance issuer, and provided to students enrolled in that institution of higher education and their dependents, that meets all of the following conditions:
(1)Does not make coverage available other than in connection with enrollment as a student, or as a dependent of a student, in the institution of higher education.
(2)Does not condition eligibility for the insurance coverage on any health status-related factor relating to a student or a dependent of a student.
(3)Does not condition eligibility, an offer, issuance, a sale, or a renewal for the insurance coverage on any factor other than enrollment as a student or dependent of a student in the institution of higher education.
(d)(1) (A) Except as otherwise expressly provided in this section, a blanket disability insurance policy that meets the definition of student health insurance coverage shall comply with the provisions of this code that are applicable to nongrandfathered individual health insurance, including, but not limited to,

essential

health benefits requirements as set forth in Section 10112.27, rating factors consistent with Section 10965.9, the annual limit on maximum out-of-pocket expenses as set forth in Section 10112.28, the prohibition against annual and lifetime limits under Section 10112.1, and all rules and regulations issued thereunder.

(B) Commencing July 1, 2026, if a student certificate holder graduates, takes a leave of absence, or is no longer enrolled at the institution of higher education, they may request to terminate their student health insurance coverage during the policy year. The request shall be provided to the institution of higher education at least 30 calendar

days before the effective date of termination. Upon receipt of the request to terminate coverage, the institution of higher education shall terminate coverage effective within the same calendar month if feasible, but no later than the last day of the calendar month in which the 30-day period ends. When a student certificate holder, or dependent of a student, chooses to terminate their student health insurance coverage during the policy year consistent with the circumstances set forth under this subparagraph, the student shall only pay the premium through the date of their termination of coverage. A student or dependent of a student shall not be liable for a premium payment during the time that they are not enrolled in student health

insurance coverage. In the case of premium paid in full for an academic term, the student shall be refunded pro rata for any time they are not enrolled in student health insurance coverage. Notice of the ability to terminate coverage pursuant to this subparagraph shall be provided in the

student health insurance enrollment materials provided to a student or a dependent of a student. A student or dependent of a student shall also be notified of premium liability to the student or dependent of the student, if any, if a student or dependent of a student chooses not to terminate coverage pursuant to this subparagraph.

(2)Any reference to the insured in a blanket disability insurance policy that meets the definition of student health insurance coverage shall also refer to the individual students and dependents insured under those policies.
(3)For the purposes of applying Sections 10123.81, 10123.84, 10123.87, 10123.135, 10123.194, 10278, 10354, 10965, and 10965.3 to student health insurance coverage, any reference to the policyholder shall also

refer to the individual students.

(e)(1) A student, or dependent of a student, shall not be required to purchase a blanket disability insurance policy if they have minimum essential coverage that meets the requirements of the Minimum Essential Coverage Individual Mandate under Section 100705 of the Government Code.
(2)Commencing July 1, 2026, a student that obtains or maintains health coverage that is minimum essential coverage and who requests a waiver shall be granted a waiver from obtaining student health insurance coverage from their institution of higher education and shall not be required to pay a fee or premium for student health insurance coverage.
(f)The following provisions apply to student

health insurance coverage:

(1)Student health insurance coverage is exempt from laws requiring guaranteed availability or guaranteed renewability, as follows:
(A)Subdivision (f) of Section 10273.6 applies if the basis of student health insurance coverage is enrollment in the institution of higher education and an individual’s enrollment in the institution ceases.
(B)For purposes of Sections 10965.3 and 10965.4, a disability insurance issuer that offers student health insurance coverage is not required to accept individuals who are not students or dependents of students in that coverage. Notwithstanding the requirements of subdivisions (a) and (c) of Section 10965.3 and Section 10965.4, a disability

insurance issuer that offers student health insurance coverage is not required to establish open enrollment periods or coverage effective dates that are based on a calendar policy year or to offer policies on a calendar year basis.

(C)For purposes of Sections 10273.6 and 10965.7, a disability insurance issuer that offers student health insurance coverage is not required to renew or continue in force coverage for individuals who are no longer students or dependents of students. To the extent the institution of higher education opts to renew the student health insurance policy, student health insurance coverage shall be renewable with respect to all eligible students or dependents of students at the option of the student.
(2)The requirement to provide a specific level of coverage described

in Sections 10112.3 and 10112.295 does not apply to student health insurance coverage. However, the benefits provided by that coverage shall provide at least 60 percent actuarial value, as calculated in accordance with Section 10112.295. The issuer shall specify in any plan materials summarizing the terms of the coverage the actuarial value and level of coverage, or the next lowest level of coverage, and how the coverage would otherwise satisfy requirements under Sections 10112.295 and 10112.296.

(3)Student health insurance coverage is not subject to the requirements of subdivision (h) of Section 10965.3. A health insurance issuer that offers student health insurance coverage may establish one or more separate risk pools for an institution of higher education if the distinction between or among groups of students or dependents of students who

form the risk pool is based on a bona fide school-related classification and not based on a health factor. However, student health insurance rates shall reflect the claims experience of individuals who comprise the risk pool, and any adjustments to rates within a risk pool shall be actuarially justified.

(4)Student health insurance coverage shall not be required to comply with nongrandfathered individual health insurance rate review, but shall be subject to the nongrandfathered large group market rate review requirements under Article 4.7 (commencing with Section 10181) of Chapter 1, with the exception of paragraph (2) of subdivision (b) of Section 10181 and Section 10181.4. If the department determines that a rate is unreasonable or not justified consistent with Article 4.7 (commencing with Section 10181) of Chapter 1, the insurer

shall notify the policyholder of this decision. If an insurer fails to comply with the timeline specified in paragraph (1) of subdivision (a) of Section 10181.3, the department may prohibit the proposed rate change.

(5)For purposes of subdivision (c) of Section 10113.9, the notification shall be provided to a student certificate holder in addition to the policyholder. For purposes of subdivision (b) of Section 10113.9, the insurer shall provide the notification to the policyholder, and the institution of higher education shall provide the notification of the actual change in premiums to the student certificate holders.
(6)Student health insurance coverage shall be subject to the requirements of subdivisions (b) and (c) of Section 10270.3, Section 10290, paragraph (1) of

subdivision (b) of Section 10291.5, and Section 10382.

(g)Each of the following shall not apply to student health insurance coverage:
(1)(A) Subdivision (d) of Section 10965.9.
(B)The rating period, instead, is the policy year for which premium rates are established for student health insurance coverage.
(C)The premium rate for student health insurance coverage shall not vary during the rating period.
(2)Sections 2236.1, 2236.3, 2236.4, 2236.5, and 2236.6 of Article 4 of Subchapter 2 of Chapter 5 of Title 10 of the California Code of Regulations.
(3)Subdivision (a) of Section 10270.3.
(4)Subdivision (a) of Section 10144.4.
(5)Subdivisions (a) to (e), inclusive, of Section 10277.
(6)Section 10278 for dependents under 26 years of age.
(7)Subdivisions (g) and (j) of Section 10965.
(8)Subdivisions (a), (c), and (e) of, paragraphs (1) to (3), inclusive, of subdivision (f) of, and subdivision (h) of, Section 10965.3.
(h)(1) The following notice shall be provided in the student health insurance enrollment

materials provided to a student or a dependent of a student:

California requires residents and their dependents to obtain, and maintain, health coverage or pay a penalty, unless they qualify for an exemption. Enrolling in student health insurance offered by the college or university you are attending is one way to meet this requirement.

You may be eligible to get free or low-cost health coverage through Medi-Cal regardless of immigration status. In addition, you may be eligible for free or low-cost health coverage through Covered California. Visit Covered California at www.coveredca.com to learn about health coverage options that are available for you and your dependents, and how you might qualify to get financial assistance with the cost of coverage.

If you are under 26 years of age, you may be eligible for coverage as a dependent in a group health plan of your parent’s employer or under your parents’ individual market coverage. In addition, you may be eligible to buy individual health insurance directly from a health insurer or health plan, regardless of immigration status.

Please examine your options carefully to see if other options are more affordable and whether you are currently eligible to enroll in these other forms of coverage pursuant to an open or special enrollment period.

(2)The notice shall be prominently displayed in clear, conspicuous, 14-point bold type.
(3)In addition to the

enrollment materials, the notice also may be provided on the internet website of the institution of higher education.

(i)(1) A “student administrative health fee” is a fee charged by the institution of higher education on a periodic basis to students of the institution of higher education to offset the cost of providing health care through health clinics regardless of whether the students utilize the health clinics or enroll in student health insurance coverage.
(2)Notwithstanding the requirements under Section 10112.2, a student administrative health fee is not considered a cost-sharing requirement with respect to specified recommended preventive services.
(j)A “health factor” means, in

relation to an individual, any of the following health status-related factors:

(1)Health status.
(2)Medical condition, including both physical and mental illnesses.
(3)Claims experience.
(4)Receipt of health care.
(5)Medical history.
(6)Genetic information.
(7)Evidence of insurability, including conditions arising out of acts of domestic violence.
(8)Disability.
(9)Any other health status-related factor as determined by any federal regulation, rule, or guidance issued under Section 2705 of the federal Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. Sec. 300gg-26).
(k)The commissioner may exercise the authority provided by this code and the Administrative Procedure Act (Chapter 3.5 (commencing with Section 11340), Chapter 4.5 (commencing with Section 11400), and Chapter 5 (commencing with Section 11500) of Part 1 of Division 3 of Title 2 of the Government Code) to implement and enforce this section and all sections referenced in

this section. If the commissioner assesses an administrative penalty for a violation, any hearing that is requested by the insurer may be conducted by an administrative law judge of the administrative hearing bureau of the department under the formal procedure of Chapter 5 (commencing with Section 11500) of Part 1 of Division 3 of Title 2 of the Government Code. An administrative penalty shall not exceed five thousand dollars ($5,000) for each violation, or, if a violation was willful, shall not exceed ten thousand dollars ($10,000) for each violation. This subdivision does not impair or restrict the commissioner’s authority pursuant to another provision of this code or the Administrative Procedure Act.

Added by Stats. 2013, 1st Ex. Sess., Ch. 1, Sec. 19. (AB 2 1x) Effective September 30, 2013.

Except as provided in Section 10965.15, the provisions of this chapter shall only apply with respect to nongrandfathered individual health benefit plans offered by a health insurer, and shall apply in addition to other provisions of this chapter and the rules adopted thereunder.

Amended by Stats. 2014, Ch. 71, Sec. 105. (SB 1304) Effective January 1, 2015.

(a)A health insurer shall not be required to offer an individual health benefit plan or accept applications for the plan pursuant to Section 10965.3 in the case of any of the following:
(1)To an individual who does not live or reside within the insurer’s approved service areas.
(2)(A) Within a specific service area or portion of a service area, if the insurer reasonably anticipates and demonstrates to the satisfaction of the commissioner both of the following:
(i)It will not have sufficient health care delivery resources to ensure that health care services will be

available and accessible to the individual because of its obligations to existing insureds.

(ii) It is applying this subparagraph uniformly to all individuals without regard to the claims experience of those individuals or any health status-related factor relating to those individuals.

(B) A health insurer that cannot offer an individual health benefit plan to individuals because it is lacking in sufficient health care delivery resources within a service area or a portion of a service area pursuant to subparagraph (A) shall not offer an individual health benefit plan in that area until the later of the following dates:

(i)The 181st day after the date coverage is denied pursuant to this paragraph.

(ii) The date the insurer notifies the commissioner that

it has the ability to deliver services to individuals, and certifies to the commissioner that from the date of the notice it will enroll all individuals requesting coverage in that area from the insurer.

(C) Subparagraph (B) shall not limit the insurer’s ability to renew coverage already in force or relieve the insurer of the responsibility to renew that coverage as described in Section 10273.6.

(D) Coverage offered within a service area after the period specified in subparagraph (B) shall be subject to this section.

(b)(1) A health insurer may decline to offer an individual health benefit plan to an individual if the insurer demonstrates to the satisfaction of the commissioner both of the following:

(A) It does not have the

financial reserves necessary to underwrite additional coverage. In determining whether this subparagraph has been satisfied, the commissioner shall consider, but not be limited to, the insurer’s compliance with the requirements of this part and the rules adopted thereunder.

(B) It is applying this subdivision uniformly to all individuals without regard to the claims experience of those individuals or any health status-related factor relating to those individuals.

(2)A health insurer that denies coverage to an individual under paragraph (1) shall not offer coverage before the later of the following dates:
(A)The 181st day after the date coverage is denied pursuant to this subdivision.
(B)The date the insurer demonstrates to the satisfaction of the

commissioner that the insurer has sufficient financial reserves necessary to underwrite additional coverage.

(3)Paragraph (2) shall not limit the insurer’s ability to renew coverage already in force or relieve the insurer of the responsibility to renew that coverage as described in Section 10273.6. Coverage offered within a service area after the period specified in paragraph (2) shall be subject to this section.
(c)This chapter shall not be construed to limit the commissioner’s authority to develop and implement a plan of rehabilitation for a health insurer whose financial viability or organizational and administrative capacity has become impaired, to the extent permitted by PPACA.
(d)This section shall not apply to an individual health benefit plan that is a grandfathered

plan.

Amended by Stats. 2017, Ch. 468, Sec. 8. (AB 156) Effective January 1, 2018.

(a)A health insurer that receives an application for an individual health benefit plan outside the Exchange during the initial open enrollment period, an annual enrollment period, or a special enrollment period described in Section 10965.3 shall inform the applicant that he or she may be eligible for lower cost coverage through the Exchange and shall inform the applicant of the applicable enrollment period provided through the Exchange described in Section 10965.3.
(b)On or before October 1, 2013, and annually every October 1 thereafter, a health insurer shall issue a notice to a policyholder enrolled in an individual health benefit plan offered outside the Exchange. The

notice shall inform the policyholder that he or she may be eligible for lower cost coverage through the Exchange and shall inform the policyholder of the applicable open enrollment period and special enrollment periods provided through the Exchange described in Section 10965.3.

(c)This section shall not apply where the individual health benefit plan described in subdivision (a) or (b) is a grandfathered health plan.

Amended by Stats. 2014, Ch. 31, Sec. 34. (SB 857) Effective June 20, 2014.

(a)On or before October 1, 2013, and annually every October 1 thereafter, a health insurer shall issue the following notice to all policyholders enrolled in an individual health benefit plan that is a grandfathered health plan:

New improved health insurance options are available in California. You currently have health insurance that is not required to follow many of the new laws. For example, your policy may not provide preventive health services without you having to pay any cost sharing (copayments or coinsurance). Also your current policy may be allowed to increase your rates based on your health status while new policies cannot. You have the option to remain in your current policy or switch to a

new policy. Under the new rules, a health insurance company cannot deny your application based on any health conditions you may have. For more information about your options, please contact Covered California at ____, your policy representative or insurance agent, or an entity paid by Covered California to assist with health coverage enrollment, such as a navigator or an assister.

(b)Commencing October 1, 2013, a health insurer shall include the notice described in subdivision (a) in any renewal material of the individual grandfathered health plan and in any application for dependent coverage under the individual grandfathered health plan.
(c)A health insurer shall not advertise or market an individual health benefit plan that is a grandfathered health plan for purposes of enrolling a dependent of a policyholder into the plan for policy

years on or after January 1, 2014. Nothing in this subdivision shall be construed to prohibit an individual enrolled in an individual grandfathered health plan from adding a dependent to that plan to the extent permitted by PPACA.

Added by Stats. 2013, 1st Ex. Sess., Ch. 1, Sec. 19. (AB 2 1x) Effective September 30, 2013.

Except as otherwise provided in this chapter, this chapter shall be implemented to the extent that it meets or exceeds the requirements set forth in PPACA.

Added by Stats. 2013, 1st Ex. Sess., Ch. 1, Sec. 19. (AB 2 1x) Effective September 30, 2013.

(a)The commissioner may, no later than December 31, 2014, adopt emergency regulations implementing this chapter. The commissioner may readopt any emergency regulation authorized by this section that is the same as or substantially equivalent to an emergency regulation previously adopted under this section.
(b)The initial adoption of emergency regulations implementing this chapter and the one readoption of emergency regulation authorized by this section shall be deemed an emergency and necessary for the immediate preservation of the public peace, health, safety, or general welfare. Initial emergency regulations and the one readoption of emergency regulations authorized by this section shall be

exempt from review by the Office of Administrative Law. The initial emergency regulations and the one readoption of emergency regulations authorized by this section shall be submitted to the Office of Administrative Law for filing with the Secretary of State and each shall remain in effect for no more than one year, by which time final regulations may be adopted. The commissioner shall consult with the Director of the Department of Managed Health Care prior to adopting any regulations pursuant to this subdivision for the specific purpose of ensuring, to the extent practical, that there is consistency of regulations applicable to entities regulated by the commissioner and those regulated by the Department of Managed Health Care.

Added by renumbering Section 10961 by Stats. 2014, Ch. 442, Sec. 8. (SB 1465) Effective September 18, 2014. Conditionally inoperative, on date prescribed by its own provisions. Repealed, by its own provisions, on second January 1 after inoperative date.

(a)For purposes of this chapter, a bridge plan product shall mean an individual health benefit plan that is offered by a health insurer licensed under this part that contracts with the Exchange pursuant to Title 22 (commencing with Section 100500) of the Government Code.
(b)On and after September 30, 2013, if a health insurance policy has not been filed with the commissioner, a health insurer that contracts with the Exchange to offer a qualified bridge plan product pursuant to Section 100504.5 of the Government Code shall file the policy form with the commissioner pursuant to Section 10290.
(c)(1) Notwithstanding subdivision (a) of Section 10965.3, a health insurer selling a bridge plan product shall not be required to fairly and affirmatively offer, market, and sell the health insurer’s bridge plan product except to individuals eligible for the bridge plan product pursuant to the State Department of Health Care Services and the Medi-Cal managed care plan’s contract entered into pursuant to Section 14005.70 of the Welfare and Institutions Code, provided the health care service plan meets the requirements of subdivision (b) of Section 14005.70 of the Welfare and Institutions Code.
(2)Notwithstanding subdivision (c) of Section 10965.3, a health insurer selling a bridge plan product shall provide an initial open enrollment period of six months, and an annual enrollment period and a special enrollment period consistent

with the annual enrollment and special enrollment periods of the Exchange.

(d)A health insurer that contracts with the Exchange to offer a qualified bridge plan product pursuant to Section 100504.5 of the Government Code shall maintain a medical loss ratio of 85 percent for the bridge plan product. A health insurer shall utilize, to the extent possible, the same methodology for calculating the medical loss ratio for the bridge plan product that is used for calculating the health insurer’s medical loss ratio pursuant to Section 10112.25 and shall report its medical loss ratio for the bridge plan product to the department as provided in Section 10112.25.
(e)This section shall become inoperative on the October 1 that is five years after the date that federal approval of the bridge plan option

occurs, and, as of the second January 1 thereafter, is

repealed, unless a later enacted statute that is enacted before that date deletes or extends the dates on which it becomes inoperative and is repealed.